Additionally, some messages have attachments that take up additional space.
These factors add up, which is true for any email service, but especially so for Gmail.
Google lists out some exceptions on its support site.

What Happens With Gmail if the Storage Limit Is Reached?
To resume normal service, reduce the amount of data in your account to below the storage quota.
If not, however, the mail server will give up and bounce the email.

Select a category, choose files to delete, and free up space.
Go to Google Drive.
In the left panel, toward the bottom, selectTrash.

Near the top of the window, selectEmpty Trash.
Deleting messages from your Gmail account is a two-step process.
SelectingDeleteon a batch of messages puts them in yourTrashfolder.

see to it you empty it afterward.
FAQ
To cancel your Google Drive storage plan, go toone.google.com/storageand sign in.
Under your plan, selectCancel.
check that to empty the trash bin.